bilinguals are persons who can speak two languages
comprehension processes are the cognitive processes used for understanding text as a whole and thereby making sense of what is read
cooperative principle is principle of conversation in which it is held that people seek to communicate in ways that make it easy for a listener to understand what a speaker means, such as by following the maxims of manner, quality, quantity, and relation proposed by Once
dialect is a regional variation of a language, characterized by distinctive features such as differences in vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation
dual-system hypothesis is the hypothesis that suggests that the two lannguages of a bilingual are represented somehow in separate systems of the mind
dyslexia is difficulty in mentally processing information in text, such as during various reading tasks
indirect request is a form of speech act in which an individual asks for something (e.g., information, a favor, a privilege, a resource) in an oblique, rather than a direct, manner
lexical access is process by which people can retrieve (from memory) information about words (e.g., letter names)
lexical processes are various cognitive processes involved in identifying letters and words, as well as in activating relevant information in memory about the words
linguistic relativity is a proposition regarding the relationship between thought and language, which asserts that speakers of different languages have differing cognitive systems, based on the languages they use, and that these different cognitive systems influence the ways in which people speaking the various languages think about the world
linguistic universals are characteristic patterns of language that apply across all of the languages of various cultures
metaphor is a juxtaposition of two dissimilar nouns, which asserts the existence of some similarities between the two, while not disconfirming their dissimilarities
monolinguals are persons who can speak only one language
pragmatics is the study of how people use language, emphasizing the contexts in which language is used, as well as the nonverbal communication that augments verbal communication
simile is a juxtaposition of two dissimilar nouns, in which the word like or as is used to suggest similarities between the two
single-system hypothesis is a view of bilingualism, which suggests that both languages are represented in just one system in the brain
slips of the tongue is inadvertent errors in speech, usually as a result of phonological or semantic confusion of phonemes, morphemes, or even larger units of language
speech act is any of five basic categories of speech, analyzed in terms of the purposes accomplished by the given act
word-superiority effect is a perceptual phenomenon in which an individual can more readily identify (discriminate) letters when they are presented in the context of words than when they are presented as solitary letters
word-superiority effect is the superior recognition of letters in a word context than alone.